After one patient was excluded due to data corruption, a total of 11 participants, including the sleep maintenance difficulty group ( n = 5), were analyzed. The spindles were detected using the previously reported automatic spindle detection algorithm. We investigated whether pleasant sounds shortened sleep onset latency (SOL) and increased the number of spindles (SN) and spindle density (SD) compared to white noise, using silent as the reference. Half of the participants with large WASO were defined as the sleep maintenance difficulty group. Polysomnography (PSG) was performed on 12 adult males with sleep difficulties over three nights, during which they were exposed to three different acoustic environments–silent, white noise, and pleasant sounds–throughout the night, in a crossover randomized setting. We conducted a crossover randomized study to investigate music's effects on spindles and sleep parameters. Music therapy has been adopted as a non-pharmacological therapy for sleep quality improvement however, few studies mention the relationship between music during sleep and spindles. Sleep spindles in sleep EEG are waveforms that characterize non-REM sleep Stage 2 (Stage N2). It is desirable to improve sleep quality since poor sleep results in decreases in work productivity and increases in risks of lifestyle-related diseases. 5Division of Audio Equipment, Yamaha Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan.4Division of Electronic Device, Yamaha Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan.
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